Protein Synthesis Lab Conclution

     In this lab we asked the question, how does the body produce proteins? What kinds of mutations cause the greatest damage to the structure of a protein? Their are multiple types of mutations like insertion where a base pair is added to the DNA sequence. Another is deletion where a base is deleted and not replaced. This causes all the other bases to move over one. This is known as a frameshift mutation. Substitution is another mutation which just switches out a base and replaces with another base.
     The first step of protein syntheses is when DNA splits into two strands. Then RNA is transcribed with the DNA replacing thymine with uracil. The RNA becomes mRNA and move to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosomes read the mRNA and read the codons and produce the proteins. We found that the frameshift mutation caused the most damage in the structure of a protein. In test 4 of our experiment, we deleted base T, this caused to form the codon UGA, also known as the stop codon, two proteins later. This supports our claim because in our other experiments only one protein was changed.
     In step seven, we got to chose our own mutations.I chose a substitution mutation and replaced G base with a T during the transcription phase. This created the stop codon UAA and than no other proteins were made. I chose this mutation because I wanted to show that en the small mutations could make a difference.
     This relate to my life because it shows how lucky I am to not have a genetic disease that could hamper my life.    
     Some possible errors could be that we copied some of the bases incorrectly causing false outcomes when translating DNA to RNA. This could be fixed by being more carefully.
      This lab was demonstrated to show that these mutation can drastically change a humans health or physical appearance with one simple mistake.  From this lab, I learned about mutations which helps me learn the concept of DNA to RNA or translation.

Unit 5 Review

     In unit 5, we learned about DNA (that was an over all description). So specifics could be what DNA it made out of which are Nitrogen bases pairs adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA is also made of nitrogen, phosphate and a sugar. Next we learned how DNA is copied through a process called semi conservative DNA replication. Step 1 is for the DNA to unzip breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. Step two consists of DNA Polymerase, an enzyme, matching nucleotides to each strand. After this process, the outcome will result in two identical stands of DNA. Next we learned about how proteins are made, a process called protein syntheses, and RNA. The simple process consists of DNA to RNA to proteins. Some differences between DNA and RNA is that RNA is single stranded, contains a base hat replaces thymine called and RNA is a temporary copy. The first part of protein syntheses is transcription. this occurs in the nucleus and where RNA polymerase reads and copies the DNA code for protein as mRNA (messenger RNA) copy. The next step is translation. next their are mutations where the mostly affect DNA and protein produced by it.
      Some strengths were the base pairs and what DNA is made off and a weakness would be remembering all the steps of protein syntheses. Successes consisted of understanding what we were doing in our labs and a set back is that I was absent for a day and I missed a lab. I wonder about how the human body was able to figure all this out and the entire process of all of this.

DNA Extraction Lab Conclusion

     In this lab we asked the question, how can DNA be separated from cheek cells in order to study it? The process of this starts when you try to scrape the cheek cells using your teeth. Then swish your mouth with Gatorade. This is used to for homogenization of the cells in your cheek. You then sip the liquid back into the cup and add a pinch of salt the the mixture. This is used to push the molecules closer together. Next put 5-10 drop of dish washing soup it the liquid. This is to dissolve the cell membrane. Then pour this liquid in to a test tube and put your thumb over he top and slowly turn the test tube upside down and right back up. Then add the pineapple juice which is a metabolic proteases. This brakes down any other proteins that were left over. The last step is to slowly add cold alcohol along the side of the test tube. Then you should be able to see the DNA here. --->
     Possible errors could be that I did not have enough cheek cells and I might have poured the alcohol to vigorously. To fix this I should have been more careful and more passionate about scraping my cheek cells.
     In this lab we demonstrated that DNA is a part of life as well as the structure of DNA. From this lab I learned major key concepts like polar and non polar. Based on my experience from this lab now I know what I am made of and causes my existence.

Unit 4 reflection

    In this unit, the main or over all topic we were studding was sex. We learned how sex cell or gametes are produced trough the process called meiosis. Do not get confuse meiosis with mitosis these are two f different processes. Meiosis is for sex related needs like sperm (for males) or eggs (for females). And it goes in to a lot more depth between these two processes. My weaknesses in this unit was defiantly trying to mesmerize all the details of the process meiosis. My strengths would be in punnett squares and solving them. I studied by reading each section from chapter 11 and 14 from the book and then quizzing myself like what is a hybrid cross. Successes in my studding was the dedication of doing one section of textbook notes a day. One setback would be forgetting to do 11-5. What I learned form doing my infografic was a that it was a fancy was of making a summery of your topic which is a lot better than writing a boring summery. A life skill I learned was definitely learning to do a punnett square.

Coin sex lab conclusion

      In this lab, we simulated sex by flipping coins which represented Mendel's law of independent assortment which talks about meiosis, which is the basis of our experiment or recombination. We did many experiments or simulations. For example, we did a cross with X-linked chromosomes, which was our mono-hybrid cross, and performed X-linked inheritance. From this cross we got homozygous combinations and heterozygous combination. When we crossed With our dihybrid cross, which is a cross with two different genes or 4 alleles, we expected a 9: 3: 3: 1 phenotypic ratio and when we flipped coins we got a phenotypic ratio of 9: 3: 4: 0 which was really close to the expectation or the average. The limit to using probability to predict our offspring's traits is that you can not pinpoint the exact trait your child will receive. Understanding this concept relates to my life is when I might have kids I will be able to know what traits or genetic deceases my child might get.

Infographic

Unit 3 Reflection

     In this unit, the 2 major concepts we learned were photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

     Photosynthesis is the process of making sugar or glucose for the plat to grow. There are are light independent and light dependent reactions. One process, known as the Calvin cycle, uses carbon dioxide (CO2) and enzymes to produce these sugars that the pant needs. A light dependent reaction requires light in order to function. Their is a organelle in the plant cell called the chloroplast that converts solar energy into sugar with water (H20) and carbon dioxide and it produces Oxygen (O2) and sugar.

     Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria and requires oxygen and sugar to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. ATP is one of the only molecule that can be "recharged" through adding one phosphate molecule. their are thee steps in cellular respiration, the first being Glycolysis, the second is the Krebs Cycle, and lastly the Electron transport chain. Glycolysis requires 2 ATP and occurs in the cytoplasm for every glucose molecule. The next step is the Krebs Cycle or the Citric acid Cycle. This step needs glucose to form 2 ATP, CO2, and electron carrying molecules. The next step named Electron Tranceport Chain occurs in mitochondria and uses oxygen, NADH, and FADH to convert ADP to ATP. This whole process produces 36 ATP, 6 molecules of CO2, and 6 molecules of H2O.
     In this unit the most trouble I had was trying to memorize all the steps to cellular respiration
     I would like to learn more about cellular respiration because I felt like it was the most interesting but photosynthesis was a close second. 
     From my experiences of this unit I now know how complicated plat or animal can be. but we only scratched the surface of that. 

Egg Diffusion Lab

     I this lab, we learned about diffusion. And we demonstrated this on eggs. We put eggs in vinegar than de-ionized water than sugar water. 

     When we put the egg in de-ionized water, it grew exponentiation. This happened because of passive diffusion. The process where molecules pass through the membrane without any energy usage and the cell can not control it. The egg grew because it was absorbing water for the outside solution which had a higher concentration than the the cell which had a lower concentration. This is known as hypertonic.

     A cells environment changes because it wants to achieve equilibrium. This happen through the process called diffusion which is explained above. This is shown by the contents of the cell as well as the size of it. Adding vinegar it dissolved the eggs cell, then putting it in de-ionized water made the egg grew, that lastly we put it in a sugary solution which made it shrink.

     This lab shown the biological principal know as diffusion and equilibrium because we saw the affects of these principals on the eggs.

     I can apply this to life when you drink water from the ocean. The ocean water is extremely salty so the amount of water is unbalanced. So the water leaves the cell through diffusion and leaves the salt making you more thirsty.

     After this experiment, I would like to test the effects of salt. For example, putting salt on raw meat and explain why meat does not rot or mold as fast.
     Markets put water on vegetables of fruits to keep the food wet and not dry out.

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	AVG
Class Data: Control (DI water)
% Change in mass		-0.54%	1.47%	10.5%	0.74%	-4.2%	-5.1%	13%
% Change in circumference		-2.56%	0%	21%	0%	-12.9%	-4%	0.201%
Class Data: Sugar Water
% Change in mass		-44.72%	-55%	-52%	-44.6%	-52.4%	-56.7%	-51.7%
% Change in circumference		-23.6%	-28%	-20.6%	-29.4%	26.5%	-37.5%	-23.67%

Macromoleculs Lab

Macromolecules Lab

     In this lab we asked the question, can macromolecules be identified in an egg cell? We found that the egg white had protein, that was recognized with sodium hydroxide which turns blue to purple; Lipids, which was recognized with sudan III and turns brown to black; Polysaccarides, which were recognized with Iodine blue to purple; and monosaccharides we used with Benedictines solution which turns from blue to green or orange. We suspect that Polysaccarides, lipids, and monosaccharides are used as a source of energy for the development of the egg. Protein is used for the growth and development of the chick itself like its tissues and organs.
    In the membrane of the egg, we found polysaccarides and lipids. We believe these macromolecules are here because they are used to communicate with other cells.
    In the yolk, we found that monosaccarides, lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides. We know that  polysaccharides and monosaccarides provide energy for the cell. Lipids hold together the membrane. Lastly protein make the bone structure of the chick.
     Some possible errors with our experiment could be that when we added sodium hydroxide to the egg yolk it turned a different color it was suppose to. It was suppose to turn blue to purple but it turned green because blue and yellow make green. Another error could have been the bad working conditions because the test tubes have not been properly cleaned so the substances from that could have interfered with our results. These mistakes could have been avoided if we had a clean working environment and maybe use a different substance for finding protein in the yolk.

      In this lab we demonstrated the components and the macromolecules in an egg. From this lab, I learned about macromolecules this helps me understand the concept of macromolecules. Based on my experience form this lab I now know that macromolecules are essential to our lives, and without them, our lives would be a lot harder.

20 Big Questions

This assignment is from this website: http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/sep/01/20-big-questions-in-science

     Number 14 was the most interesting questions in the article in my opinion. The fact that this bacteria has been alive since the dinosaur age is insane. As well that we will never be able to cure it because it has the ability to evolve quickly and adapt to the vaccine put against it at it.

1 How did the big bang start?

2 How can some people control their dreams?

3 How dose the human body work if it is way to complicated?

4 How do humans have the ability to think?

5 What happens when you die?

6 Why dose pain "hurt?"

7 How small are we compared to the observable universe?

8 How do humans have feelings towards one another?

9 How was technology started?

10 How was the firs instrument made?

11 When was the first piece of music made?

12 When was the idea of a video game made?

13 How was comedy invented?

14 Who was the first film directer?

15 How do mirrors work? 

16 Why does money work?

17 Can we make something that lasts forever?

18 How big is the observable universe?

19 Is there an end to the space time continuum?

20 Will we be able to survive on another planet?

Identifying Questions and Hypotheses

Identifying Questions and Hypotheses 

    This experiment says that water flows on mars today. They used NASA's  Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) to capture this evidence. A link to the website.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150928094114.htm

    Scientists were trying to find sources of water or examples of water (like erosion) and follow these rivers to try to find life. A possible hypotheses to this experiment could be; if their is water or was water on Mars, then their should be pictures of water or signs water that was their. Prior knowledge could be other pictures of water but unclear or examples of water that was their.

     

Unit 2 Reviw

      

Unit 2 Review

    In this unit, the first thing we learned was,  "The properties of water.". Water is different form most solutions because of its ability to combine or mix with other substances, being one of the most used solvents, how it is cohesive and adhesive (it does this with hydrogen bonds), and lastly, its polarity. Polar meas that one side of the molecule has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge. This give water its ability to combine itself together. We also learned the basics of how atoms work. Atoms have isotopes which are variations on an atom that has a different amount of protons than neutrons. 
   Next, we learned about solvents and solutes. Solvents, like water, is the greater amount of liquid in a container. Solute is the liquid that is being dissolved by the solvent. We also learned about suspension. Suspension is a substance that is put in a liquid and dissolved. But never fully dissolved. Their are still tiny pieces left behind that are not fully dissolved.
  Next is the most important topic we learned, macroeconomics. Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid. Carbohydrates gives the energy your body needs to do daily functions like running of jumping. Lipids store unused energy that is in the form of fat. Lipids also dissolve in water. Proteins are the most versatile of the macro molecules. they give energy help reproduce and build bone as well as mussels and can speed up or slow down chemical reactions in your body. Nucleic acids store genetic information in forms of DNA and RNA.  
   

Cheese Curdling Lab

	Time to Curdle (minutes)
Curdling Agent	Chymosin	Rennin	Buttermilk	Milk (control)
Acid	5	5
Base
Cold
Hot	5	10
Temp. control	15	15
pH control	15	10

In this lab, we asked the question what is the most optimal environment to curdle cheese in? were learned how a calf's stomach was the source of making cheese. We found out that a calf’s stomach was warm and very acidic. We tried to replicate these results by using chymosin, rennin, buttermilk and Milk (as the control). We also used different amount of temperature hot, warm and cold. We begin our test. We check every five minutes to see if their is any curdling. Buttermilk, and milk were not able to produce any amount of curdling in the 15 minutes we set. While chymosin (acidic) and rennin (acidic) were able to produce curdling in under 5 minutes! Supporting the statement above. In conclusion, chymosin and rennin in an acid environment were by far the fastest.

Some mistakes were that some of the measurements were not exact as well as checking every 5 minutes is very vague and could have curdled faster.

This lab demonstrated the simple use of enzymes and how different pH levels and temperature affect the enzymes. This helps me understand how enzymes denature as well as activation energy. Based on this experience from this lab, I now know how enzymes affect the process of making cheese.

Carbohydrate Tasting Lab

Carbohydrate Tasting Lab

              Monosaccharaides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides all have an amount of things we call rings. And depending on how many rings that carbohydrate many have will determine that carbohydrates sweetness.

              Mono- means one so monosaccharaides have one ring so they will be the sweetest of the carbohydrates. Some examples of monosaccharaides would be glucose, fructose and galactose, which were the three monosaccharaides that we tasted in this lab. With our observations we found out that monosaccharaides were the sweetest.

             Di- means two so disaccharides have two rings. In our lab we tasted maltose, and lactose. With our observations, we found out that disaccharides were the second most sweetest our of the 8 other powders we tasted.

             Poly- means there or more so polysaccharides will be the least sweet. In our lab we tasted starch and cellulose and found out that they had no "sweetness" what so ever.
             The testers both agreed on one rating we gave to the substance we ate.
             The Human tongue taste by picking up chemically reacts with the taste receptors (located on taste buds) in your tongue to create the thing we call taste. So when we eat a carbohydrate depending on what it is should vary depending on the amount of rings it has.

Carbohydrates	Types of Carbohydrates	Degree of Sweetness (0-200)	Color	Texture
Fructose	Mono-	100	white	granular
Glucose	Mono-	150	white	granular
Galactose	Mono-	100	white	powdery
Sucrose	Di-	100	white	granular
Maltose	Di-	50	brown	grainy
Lactose	Di-	70	white	grainy
Starch	Poly-	0	white	powdery
Cellulose	poly-	0	white	powdery

Bio. collage

Jean Lab

Andrew Petkovic

P. 5

Jean Lab Conclusion

In this lab we asked the question, “What is the best bleach and water solution to bleach denim jeans?” We found that the 25% bleach solution worked the best. 100% was over bleached and purely yellow. While the 50% bleach solution was a lot less yellow but had a yellow color in the center of it. 25% was just right because the entirety of the squares was an equal and lighter color. The 12.5% was to weak and had no real effect on the jeans. 0% was just water so thing happened but we used this as a control..Our other pears used too much bleach and we know bleach drains color so they severely damaged the jeans. We thought that the more bleach we added, the lighter the jeans will be.

While our hypothesis was supported by our data, there could have been errors due to unreliable measurements and spills. We could improve this mistakes by being more careful and being more precise with our measurements. We did no really have any major mistakes so it did not really end up in any errors in our data.

This lab was done to show us the scientific method and conduct an experiment. From this lab I learned how to conduct a basic experiment that helped me with organizing tables and graphs in class. Based on this experience from this lab I can apply this to future classes of setting up graphs and tables as well as setting up simple experiments.

Concentration (% bleach)	Average Color Removal (Scale 1 -10)	Average Fabric Damage (Scale 1-10)
0%	0	0
12.5%	1	0
25%	4	0
50%	6.6	1
100%	9.3	3