Protein Synthesis Lab Conclution

     In this lab we asked the question, how does the body produce proteins? What kinds of mutations cause the greatest damage to the structure of a protein? Their are multiple types of mutations like insertion where a base pair is added to the DNA sequence. Another is deletion where a base is deleted and not replaced. This causes all the other bases to move over one. This is known as a frameshift mutation. Substitution is another mutation which just switches out a base and replaces with another base.
     The first step of protein syntheses is when DNA splits into two strands. Then RNA is transcribed with the DNA replacing thymine with uracil. The RNA becomes mRNA and move to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosomes read the mRNA and read the codons and produce the proteins. We found that the frameshift mutation caused the most damage in the structure of a protein. In test 4 of our experiment, we deleted base T, this caused to form the codon UGA, also known as the stop codon, two proteins later. This supports our claim because in our other experiments only one protein was changed.
     In step seven, we got to chose our own mutations.I chose a substitution mutation and replaced G base with a T during the transcription phase. This created the stop codon UAA and than no other proteins were made. I chose this mutation because I wanted to show that en the small mutations could make a difference.
     This relate to my life because it shows how lucky I am to not have a genetic disease that could hamper my life.    
     Some possible errors could be that we copied some of the bases incorrectly causing false outcomes when translating DNA to RNA. This could be fixed by being more carefully.
      This lab was demonstrated to show that these mutation can drastically change a humans health or physical appearance with one simple mistake.  From this lab, I learned about mutations which helps me learn the concept of DNA to RNA or translation.

Unit 5 Review

     In unit 5, we learned about DNA (that was an over all description). So specifics could be what DNA it made out of which are Nitrogen bases pairs adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA is also made of nitrogen, phosphate and a sugar. Next we learned how DNA is copied through a process called semi conservative DNA replication. Step 1 is for the DNA to unzip breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. Step two consists of DNA Polymerase, an enzyme, matching nucleotides to each strand. After this process, the outcome will result in two identical stands of DNA. Next we learned about how proteins are made, a process called protein syntheses, and RNA. The simple process consists of DNA to RNA to proteins. Some differences between DNA and RNA is that RNA is single stranded, contains a base hat replaces thymine called and RNA is a temporary copy. The first part of protein syntheses is transcription. this occurs in the nucleus and where RNA polymerase reads and copies the DNA code for protein as mRNA (messenger RNA) copy. The next step is translation. next their are mutations where the mostly affect DNA and protein produced by it.
      Some strengths were the base pairs and what DNA is made off and a weakness would be remembering all the steps of protein syntheses. Successes consisted of understanding what we were doing in our labs and a set back is that I was absent for a day and I missed a lab. I wonder about how the human body was able to figure all this out and the entire process of all of this.

DNA Extraction Lab Conclusion

     In this lab we asked the question, how can DNA be separated from cheek cells in order to study it? The process of this starts when you try to scrape the cheek cells using your teeth. Then swish your mouth with Gatorade. This is used to for homogenization of the cells in your cheek. You then sip the liquid back into the cup and add a pinch of salt the the mixture. This is used to push the molecules closer together. Next put 5-10 drop of dish washing soup it the liquid. This is to dissolve the cell membrane. Then pour this liquid in to a test tube and put your thumb over he top and slowly turn the test tube upside down and right back up. Then add the pineapple juice which is a metabolic proteases. This brakes down any other proteins that were left over. The last step is to slowly add cold alcohol along the side of the test tube. Then you should be able to see the DNA here. --->
     Possible errors could be that I did not have enough cheek cells and I might have poured the alcohol to vigorously. To fix this I should have been more careful and more passionate about scraping my cheek cells.
     In this lab we demonstrated that DNA is a part of life as well as the structure of DNA. From this lab I learned major key concepts like polar and non polar. Based on my experience from this lab now I know what I am made of and causes my existence.